Problem on the lever that sometimes hard to move enter to the next gear very inconvenient you. Starting from gear one or other gear, this problem caused by the transmission component, the synchronous gear has dull for hold the sliding house between such gear and the next gear.
This problem can cause by the habit is not press full the coupling pedal when move the lever. This habit also cause shorten the live of the coupling itself. The problem is different when comes difficult to all gear movement. This because of the coupling plate has thin and become difficult to connect through coupling to crank shaft. Transmission shaft rotate on make difficult to connect.
What is the problem when happen only on backward position?
This problem is caused by pilot bearing in the middle of flywheel become stuck, so the gear shaft rotate on and difficult to connect. Backward gear has no synchronous mediator and the gear form is straight. This problem also can caused by the shaft housing has worn-out and make not level.
To maintain the transmission system keep good, better to change the oil regularly. The oil can change every 15,000 km to 20,000 km distance addition on speedometer. To make you are not forget, for tree times change machine oil follow to change the transmission oil. The habit on pressing the pedal is adjust to the distance of coupling pedal. The chair position arrange so not difficult on press the pedal.
Thursday, February 28, 2008
Wednesday, February 27, 2008
Transmission Problem
Suddenly Neutral Gear
The transmission system sometimes get problem, when the car on fast running suddenly the speed shift to neutral gear by itself. This problem is very disturb our concentration, this happen usually when the acceleration loose.
This problem comes from synchronize structure; usually there are tree point boat gear in the hub sleeve. There is a circle spring ring to press that boat gear when the gear enters. If this boat gear is worn out, gear can jump over to other speed gear.
Beside of that if the detent ball worn out, this can cause the speed gear down to neutral gear. Detent ball position is around lever of fork moved. This ball formed in the cylinder that pressed by spring. In the crank shaft there is a hole that fit to this detent ball when the gear enters. This detent ball will enter to this hole in crank shaft and hold gear when enter.
Detent ball can be stuck if rust, or the holding spring is weak, that cause the ball is not enter to the hole and the crank shaft is not hold. When there is a movement then the speed gear goes to neutral gear. Other problem on transmission system like difficult enter to some speed gear such as 4 gear. This problem can cause of the O-ring in such gear have worn out. On the next blog we will discuss more problem about the transmission.
The transmission system sometimes get problem, when the car on fast running suddenly the speed shift to neutral gear by itself. This problem is very disturb our concentration, this happen usually when the acceleration loose.
This problem comes from synchronize structure; usually there are tree point boat gear in the hub sleeve. There is a circle spring ring to press that boat gear when the gear enters. If this boat gear is worn out, gear can jump over to other speed gear.
Beside of that if the detent ball worn out, this can cause the speed gear down to neutral gear. Detent ball position is around lever of fork moved. This ball formed in the cylinder that pressed by spring. In the crank shaft there is a hole that fit to this detent ball when the gear enters. This detent ball will enter to this hole in crank shaft and hold gear when enter.
Detent ball can be stuck if rust, or the holding spring is weak, that cause the ball is not enter to the hole and the crank shaft is not hold. When there is a movement then the speed gear goes to neutral gear. Other problem on transmission system like difficult enter to some speed gear such as 4 gear. This problem can cause of the O-ring in such gear have worn out. On the next blog we will discuss more problem about the transmission.
Monday, February 25, 2008
Hydro-fuel (Fuel from Water)
Oil fuel price always increase until the unrealistic price now, price of raw material of this fuel is $ 100 per barrel. Many experience have resulted many kind of fuel alternative energy. This result of experience still doesn’t get any response from the government, what is the problem? This finding also has tried to motorcycle. The process itself still small scale and need more research to scale up the project.
Researcher form Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta – Indonesia have got a result an alternative energy from water or called as Hydro-fuel. The principle work of this energy convert H2O contains of water then changed this substance into the fuel. The real conversion reaction is being secret, but water have contain H atom that can react with C atom from any substance like CO or CO2. To create the substance that can be used an energy is also need energy. Is this conversion economically? We must wait the price that offer from the researcher analyses. The example of this reaction is:
2 H2O + CO2 + Energy à CH4 + 2 O2, where CH4 is new energy in gas form
If this gas fuel will convert into normal fuel in atmosphere condition must need other reaction and may complicated and expensive because the normal fuel like gasoline have eight carbon contain on the molecule substance, C8H18.
Other reaction that possible to result this fuel is react water gas with carbon directly, this carbon can get from wood fired, or many other source. The reaction of those materials can draw below:
(n+1) H2O + n C à C6H14 or C7H16 or C8H18 or C9H20
This fuels result has many variation results like same as kerosene, gasoline, avgas and diesel fuel. But to convert this water into energy need energy also, so the price are competitive or not, is still not clearly
Researcher form Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta – Indonesia have got a result an alternative energy from water or called as Hydro-fuel. The principle work of this energy convert H2O contains of water then changed this substance into the fuel. The real conversion reaction is being secret, but water have contain H atom that can react with C atom from any substance like CO or CO2. To create the substance that can be used an energy is also need energy. Is this conversion economically? We must wait the price that offer from the researcher analyses. The example of this reaction is:
2 H2O + CO2 + Energy à CH4 + 2 O2, where CH4 is new energy in gas form
If this gas fuel will convert into normal fuel in atmosphere condition must need other reaction and may complicated and expensive because the normal fuel like gasoline have eight carbon contain on the molecule substance, C8H18.
Other reaction that possible to result this fuel is react water gas with carbon directly, this carbon can get from wood fired, or many other source. The reaction of those materials can draw below:
(n+1) H2O + n C à C6H14 or C7H16 or C8H18 or C9H20
This fuels result has many variation results like same as kerosene, gasoline, avgas and diesel fuel. But to convert this water into energy need energy also, so the price are competitive or not, is still not clearly
Friday, February 22, 2008
Motown
Motown, the most successful black-owned American record company, was founded in 1960 in
The Motown formula created a number of stars during the 1960s. Including Stevie Wonder, Marvin Gaye, and Diana Ross and the Supremes; in the 1970s. The
Wednesday, February 20, 2008
Ford Transit Van
Normally the vans are operated by one person and, as a result, a single passenger seat is fitted, rather than the standard bench seat. The vans all feature air-conditioning.
The medium-wheelbase vans are finance-leased through Hitachi Capital and the short-wheelbase models through Lombard. All are supplied on five-year/60,000-mile contracts.The British Gas Transits are fitted with Bri-Stor internal racking by CdMP Purfleet. The short-wheelbase models also carry, in addition, Bri-Stor roof-mounted ladder-racks.Windsor-based Centrica operates a total fleet of around 10,000 light commercial vehicles. The new Ford Transits are replacing vehicles from rival brands as well as previous-model Transits.
New-generation Ford Transit vans carrying the blue livery of British Gas have gone into operation with the company, Britain’s biggest supplier of energy and heating breakdown services.Built at Ford’s Southampton plant, the vehicles are the first of an order for 85 short-wheelbase Transit 300 models. Sporting the famous British Gas flame logo, the vans will be used by service engineers throughout Britain.
Powered by Ford’s popular 85PS 2.2-litre TDCi diesel engines, the low-roof panel vans are speed-limited to 70mph, an energy efficiency measure recommended by road safety groups.A second Centrica order, for 638 medium-wheelbase Ford Transit vans is being fulfilled by Ford Southampton at the rate of 30 a week. These Transit 300 medium-roof vans use the 110PS version of the 2.2-litre diesel engine.Their additional capacity and payload is required to carry plant and tools for British Gas central heating installation engineers. British Gas carried out over 100,000 installations last year and the additional capacity of the medium-wheelbase Ford Transit will benefit engineers and customers alike.
Tuesday, February 19, 2008
Cadillac Motion
Air Bag Q & A
The first installment in our new Q & A series. Find out how and why air bags work, and what happens when they deploy.
The first installment in our new Q & A series. Find out how and why air bags work, and what happens when they deploy.Making Canadian Athletes More Aerodynamic
General Motors of Canada is taking great pleasure in making their vehicles and our Canadian athletes a little more aerodynamic.
General Motors of Canada is taking great pleasure in making their vehicles and our Canadian athletes a little more aerodynamic.Affordable Hybrids
Environmentally friendly technology comes at a price, albeit an extremely affordable one.
Environmentally friendly technology comes at a price, albeit an extremely affordable one.Debunking Car Myths
As advancements in automotive technology grow, many truths are now myths. Learn the truth about some common driving myths.
As advancements in automotive technology grow, many truths are now myths. Learn the truth about some common driving myths.The HUMMER that breathes
Experience a HUMMER that gives back to the environment. The HUMMER 02 2D concept design, created for the Los Angeles Auto Show's Design Challenge, is an award-winning two-dimensional model of environmental sustainability.
Supporting Top-Notch Coaching
Coaches need the right tools to develop the skills of our Canadian athletes. That's why GM's Making Dreams Possible program focuses on supporting coaching excellence. Every year until 2010, GM will be providing 10 grants to the coaches of high-performance athletes and 100 grants to local community coaches.
A Snapshot of GM's Historical Innovations
From 1908 to 2008, GM has led the way in technical leadership and innovation.
Rules of the Winter Road Trip
What better way to enjoy the Canadian winter than by getting in your car and hitting the road?
Science Comes Alive in the Classroom
Encouraging kids to explore math and science in a hands on way, A World in Motion is paving the way for a new generation of scientists and engineers
Putting his best foot forward
Matt Morison, young Alpine Snowboarder, is in the spotlight as a medal hopeful for the 2010 Vancouver Winter Games.
Tough, yet flexible
E85 FlexFuel is one of seven green innovations that General Motors of Canada Limited has developed in order to make a greener car.
Have Fun Out ThereFind out how you can join Bobby Orr, Mike Bossy and Cassie Campbell in teaching kids leadership, responsibility and respect - on and off the ice - with Chevrolet Safe & Fun Hockey.
Experience a HUMMER that gives back to the environment. The HUMMER 02 2D concept design, created for the Los Angeles Auto Show's Design Challenge, is an award-winning two-dimensional model of environmental sustainability.
Supporting Top-Notch Coaching
Coaches need the right tools to develop the skills of our Canadian athletes. That's why GM's Making Dreams Possible program focuses on supporting coaching excellence. Every year until 2010, GM will be providing 10 grants to the coaches of high-performance athletes and 100 grants to local community coaches.
A Snapshot of GM's Historical Innovations
From 1908 to 2008, GM has led the way in technical leadership and innovation.
Rules of the Winter Road Trip
What better way to enjoy the Canadian winter than by getting in your car and hitting the road?
Science Comes Alive in the Classroom
Encouraging kids to explore math and science in a hands on way, A World in Motion is paving the way for a new generation of scientists and engineers
Putting his best foot forward
Matt Morison, young Alpine Snowboarder, is in the spotlight as a medal hopeful for the 2010 Vancouver Winter Games.
Tough, yet flexible
E85 FlexFuel is one of seven green innovations that General Motors of Canada Limited has developed in order to make a greener car.
Have Fun Out ThereFind out how you can join Bobby Orr, Mike Bossy and Cassie Campbell in teaching kids leadership, responsibility and respect - on and off the ice - with Chevrolet Safe & Fun Hockey.
Mobile Beauty Contest
Forbes Write:
As the story goes, the designers went to work with a new enthusiasm and freedom, which led to the future Taurus, America's bestselling car from 1992 through 1996.
Maybe auto presidents are visiting designers again, because we are beginning to see some good-looking cars. Couldn't come soon enough. I remember the great days of design, the 1950s and 1960s, when we threw away the square corners and made cars longer, lower and wider, added fins, took out the center pillar between the front and rear doors and came up with the "hardtop convertible," chromed everything in sight, opened up the wheel wells and made them look fast.
I wouldn't blame today's boring vehicles on the designers alone. As buyers we've turned terribly practical. We like to buy sport utility vehicles and especially the "crossover" types that are built on car rather than truck chassis. They're all basically "two box" designs, meaning one box is the engine compartment and the other box is the rest of the vehicle. They allow us to sit high so we can see the road and some give us three rows of seats and plenty of room for cargo. Practical, yes, but the boxes are hard on design. Styling masters haven't been able to do much with minivans and pickup trucks, either, although in 1994 Dodge put a Mack-truck-like front end on its Ram pickup, and it's been a hit since.
But good looks are coming back, as evidenced at the recent Detroit auto show. The most beautiful car was the Volkswagen Passat CC, a sloping four-door sedan. They think of it as a "coupe" because it looks so much like a two-door. GM showed an off-roader concept, a challenger to the old Jeep Wrangler, called the Hummer HX Concept, that was sooo hot. The Cadillac CTS coupe, which will be in production in a couple of years, is another beauty. We all know about the crisp good looks of the new Chevrolet Malibu.
Toyota has a new, fine-looking crossover, or station wagon, whatever you call it, named the Venza, to go into production this fall. It will sell. Ask yourself if the Toyota Prius hybrid would be such a hot seller if it looked like a traditional boring small car.
Even the pickup is getting some fresh thinking. Toyota showed a concept pickup (called A-BAT for Advanced Breakthrough Aero Truck) that was supersleek and small. I'm not sure there's a market for a stylish pickup, but if there is, Toyota will get a nice piece of it. Until recently we thought Japanese design was boring. We called Japanese cars appliances. Not anymore. Nissan 's lovely Altima sedan (since 2007) and Murano SUV (2004) were leaders in the company's recovery.
Is there proof that design makes such a difference? The Ford Escape and Honda CR-V are small SUVs. The Escape has inched up in annual sales over the past six years from 164,000 to 166,000. The Escape today looks like, well, an Escape, not much different from the old model. The CR-V became sleek. It went from 118,000 to 219,000. Design is not the only reason for its gains. But I'm sure it plays a good part in the Honda's sales lead.
Even a very good design needs tweaking from time to time or people get bored. Remember how great looks from Chrysler--the sleek cab-forward sedans (meaning the passenger compartment was moved forward), then the pt Cruiser, then the Chrysler 300--excited buyers? Sales began falling as the excitement faded away. We never know for sure which flashy design is really good and which is just flash. Take the new BME X6, which seems to be a sport utility all-wheel-drive car in a fairly sleek fastback body. Do people want an SUV that looks so much like a car? We'll find out. Ford has a new vehicle due in a few months called the Flex. It's for folks who want them big and roomy but don't want minivans. It's a new look, squarish but different. Do people want something like this? We'll find out.
Still, carmakers are churning out many vehicles without much style. Coming this year there's a new Pontiac G8, which, to me, looks decades old. The new Honda Pilot is another square crossover.If the American industry is to survive, it will have to rely on design as never before. There are signs of change, especially at General Motors It's time for the president of each company to go down to the design studios and ask the people there if they would want those vehicles in their own driveways.
As the story goes, the designers went to work with a new enthusiasm and freedom, which led to the future Taurus, America's bestselling car from 1992 through 1996.
Maybe auto presidents are visiting designers again, because we are beginning to see some good-looking cars. Couldn't come soon enough. I remember the great days of design, the 1950s and 1960s, when we threw away the square corners and made cars longer, lower and wider, added fins, took out the center pillar between the front and rear doors and came up with the "hardtop convertible," chromed everything in sight, opened up the wheel wells and made them look fast.
I wouldn't blame today's boring vehicles on the designers alone. As buyers we've turned terribly practical. We like to buy sport utility vehicles and especially the "crossover" types that are built on car rather than truck chassis. They're all basically "two box" designs, meaning one box is the engine compartment and the other box is the rest of the vehicle. They allow us to sit high so we can see the road and some give us three rows of seats and plenty of room for cargo. Practical, yes, but the boxes are hard on design. Styling masters haven't been able to do much with minivans and pickup trucks, either, although in 1994 Dodge put a Mack-truck-like front end on its Ram pickup, and it's been a hit since.But good looks are coming back, as evidenced at the recent Detroit auto show. The most beautiful car was the Volkswagen Passat CC, a sloping four-door sedan. They think of it as a "coupe" because it looks so much like a two-door. GM showed an off-roader concept, a challenger to the old Jeep Wrangler, called the Hummer HX Concept, that was sooo hot. The Cadillac CTS coupe, which will be in production in a couple of years, is another beauty. We all know about the crisp good looks of the new Chevrolet Malibu.
Toyota has a new, fine-looking crossover, or station wagon, whatever you call it, named the Venza, to go into production this fall. It will sell. Ask yourself if the Toyota Prius hybrid would be such a hot seller if it looked like a traditional boring small car.
Even the pickup is getting some fresh thinking. Toyota showed a concept pickup (called A-BAT for Advanced Breakthrough Aero Truck) that was supersleek and small. I'm not sure there's a market for a stylish pickup, but if there is, Toyota will get a nice piece of it. Until recently we thought Japanese design was boring. We called Japanese cars appliances. Not anymore. Nissan 's lovely Altima sedan (since 2007) and Murano SUV (2004) were leaders in the company's recovery.
Is there proof that design makes such a difference? The Ford Escape and Honda CR-V are small SUVs. The Escape has inched up in annual sales over the past six years from 164,000 to 166,000. The Escape today looks like, well, an Escape, not much different from the old model. The CR-V became sleek. It went from 118,000 to 219,000. Design is not the only reason for its gains. But I'm sure it plays a good part in the Honda's sales lead.
Even a very good design needs tweaking from time to time or people get bored. Remember how great looks from Chrysler--the sleek cab-forward sedans (meaning the passenger compartment was moved forward), then the pt Cruiser, then the Chrysler 300--excited buyers? Sales began falling as the excitement faded away. We never know for sure which flashy design is really good and which is just flash. Take the new BME X6, which seems to be a sport utility all-wheel-drive car in a fairly sleek fastback body. Do people want an SUV that looks so much like a car? We'll find out. Ford has a new vehicle due in a few months called the Flex. It's for folks who want them big and roomy but don't want minivans. It's a new look, squarish but different. Do people want something like this? We'll find out.
Still, carmakers are churning out many vehicles without much style. Coming this year there's a new Pontiac G8, which, to me, looks decades old. The new Honda Pilot is another square crossover.If the American industry is to survive, it will have to rely on design as never before. There are signs of change, especially at General Motors It's time for the president of each company to go down to the design studios and ask the people there if they would want those vehicles in their own driveways.
Saturday, February 16, 2008
Motorcycling
Motorcycling is not only a popular form of transportation and recreation, it is also an organized, competitive sport. In the late 1980s more than 4 million motorcycles were registered in the United States. Their uses ranged from traffic control, to special off-road races, to daily commuting. The American Motorcyclist Association (AMA), which had more than 187,000 members in 1991, is the national governing body that oversees motorcycle racing in the United States. Each year about 3000 – 3500 AMA approve amateur races are held, and the AMA sponsors 250-300 races for professionals.
International motorcycle racing is regulated by the Federation Internationale Motorcycliste (FIM), which sanctions the Grand Prix series of races.
The two basic type of motorcycle races are road races and motocross races. Others include hill climbs, flat-track racing, side car racing, indoor racing and drag racing.
U.S. road racer compete in several engine-size categories; 250 cc; Grand Prix; 600 and 750 cc; Supersport; 750 cc; Superbike. The number of cylinder may differ from class to class. Road racing machines, powered by multicylinder engines, have low-slung chasis, short handlebars, and footrests near the rear wheel. The rider sits behind a streamlined windshield in a tight crouch that lowers the center of gravity. Road races are run on oval or irregular tracks with straight away that may allow speeds of up to 298 km/h (185 mph). The major U.S. road race is the 200-mi (321.8 km) event that is held annually at the Daytona International Speedway in Daytona, Fla.
Motocross races are run over natural-terrain courses chosen for their ruggedness and unevenness. The machines that the races use are designed to meet strictly enforced regulations and at the same time deliver maximum power and tractability. Motocross machines are also divided into competitive categories according to engine size; 125, 250 and 500 cc are the three groups. These machines, which are powered by single-cylinder engines, have knobby tires for traction, wide-set handlebars for steering leverage, and long-travel suspension that can absorb the bumps and joints of a motocross course. The AMA sponsor Grand Prix event for motocross bikes at various sites around the country. Supercross is an offshoot of traditional motocross.
Tuesday, February 12, 2008
Catalytic Converter
A catalytic converter is a device in the Exhaust System of an automotive engine that converts environmentally harmful exhaust gases into harmless gases by promoting a chemical reaction between a catalyst and pollutants. The catalytic converter decreases the emission of hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxide, or of all three.
In the most common type of catalytic converter, the exhaust gases are passes through a bed, or honeycomb, of small beads coated with the catalysts platinum and palladium. The catalyst in the nitrogen oxide converter splits the nitrogen from the oxygen so that nitrogen gas, carbon dioxide, and water are formed. In an automobile equipped with a catalytic converter, lead-free gasoline must be used in order to prevent coating the catalyst with lead.
One type of automobile catalytic converter consists of a porous, heat-resistant, inert material coated with a catalyst. It is supported by a wire screen and enclosed by a metal shell. The end come of the device is connected to an engine's exhaust manifold, and the opposite end is sealed to the muffler. As hydrocarbon (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), and oxigen (O2) in the exhaust gases pass through the system, they are converted into water (H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2).
In the most common type of catalytic converter, the exhaust gases are passes through a bed, or honeycomb, of small beads coated with the catalysts platinum and palladium. The catalyst in the nitrogen oxide converter splits the nitrogen from the oxygen so that nitrogen gas, carbon dioxide, and water are formed. In an automobile equipped with a catalytic converter, lead-free gasoline must be used in order to prevent coating the catalyst with lead.
One type of automobile catalytic converter consists of a porous, heat-resistant, inert material coated with a catalyst. It is supported by a wire screen and enclosed by a metal shell. The end come of the device is connected to an engine's exhaust manifold, and the opposite end is sealed to the muffler. As hydrocarbon (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), and oxigen (O2) in the exhaust gases pass through the system, they are converted into water (H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2).Thursday, February 7, 2008
Ignition System
An Internal Combustion Engine need an ignition system for igniting the combustible mixture inside each cylinder at the proper moment. In the Diesel Engine, the air inside the cylinder is compressed enough to raise the temperature above the ignition point, so the fuel is ignited as soon as it is injected into the cylinder. This is called compression ignition. The Gasoline Engine, however, required a more complex system, called spark ignition, which uses an electric spark to ignite the mixture. The two basic automotive ignition system are the conventional breaker-point system and the newer, electronic ignition.
Drawing:
The automotive ignition system must deliver 10,000 volts up to 300 times per second in order to keep the engine running.
Breaker Point Ignition System
The breaker point ignition system consist of the source of energy (the battery), the ignition coil, distributor, ignition switch, spark plug and wiring. The entire electrical system includes the ignition system as a sub-system, but contains, in addition, the Generator (or a related device called an alternator), the voltage regulator, the starter, and electric light, accessories, and gauges.
Electronic Ignition
The electronic ignition system performs the same basic function as the conventional systems but with one major difference; the battery-to-coil circuit is closed and opened electronically in the former rather than mechanically as in the breaker point system. The cam is replaced with a rotator that has metal tips on it. As the rotor turns, the tips pass by a pickup-coil assembly. Each time a tip aligns with the assembly, a magnetic pulse is generated in the coil. These pulses are used to generate the necessary high voltage surge.
Drawing:
The automotive ignition system must deliver 10,000 volts up to 300 times per second in order to keep the engine running.
Breaker Point Ignition System
The breaker point ignition system consist of the source of energy (the battery), the ignition coil, distributor, ignition switch, spark plug and wiring. The entire electrical system includes the ignition system as a sub-system, but contains, in addition, the Generator (or a related device called an alternator), the voltage regulator, the starter, and electric light, accessories, and gauges.
Electronic Ignition
The electronic ignition system performs the same basic function as the conventional systems but with one major difference; the battery-to-coil circuit is closed and opened electronically in the former rather than mechanically as in the breaker point system. The cam is replaced with a rotator that has metal tips on it. As the rotor turns, the tips pass by a pickup-coil assembly. Each time a tip aligns with the assembly, a magnetic pulse is generated in the coil. These pulses are used to generate the necessary high voltage surge.
Sunday, February 3, 2008
Generator
A generator is a machine that converts mechanical energy into electrical by rotating an armature, which contains conductors, through a magnetic field. A voltage is induced in the moving conductors by an effect called electromagnetic induction. In order for voltage to be generated, relative motion must exist between the conductors and the magnetic field. An engine, motor, turbine, or other source of mechanical energy is used to turn the armature shaft. Generators are built in many sites. Most electricity used today in cars, in homes, and by industry is produced by generators.
The development of the electric generator began in 1831, when Michael Faraday in England and Joseph Henry in the United States proved that the magnet could be made to produce an electric current. In a classic experiment, Faraday connected a sensitive galvanometer across a coil and found that as a magnet was moved into the coil, a current flowed in the coil. As the magnet was withdrawn, a current flowed through the coil in the opposite direction.
Faraday's experiment proved that voltage can be produced by magnetism when three conditions exist. First, a carburetor must exist in which the voltage will be induced. Second, a magnetic field must be closed to the conductor. Third, relative motion must occur between the magnetic field and the carburetor. The conductor must be moved so as to cut across the magnetic field, or the magnetic field must be moved so that it is cut by the conductor. When the conductor or magnetic field moves, electrons within the conductor are forced in one direction or the other, creating a voltage.
Generator Type
The two main types of generators are direct current (DC) generators and alternating current (AC) generators, or alternators. The DC generator rotates the conductors in a stationary magnetic field. The alternator rotates a magnetic field that is cut by the stationary conductors. Current induced in the conductors of all generators in an alternating current. The current taken from the generators, however, may be AC or DC, depending on how the generator is constructed.
The strength of the voltage induced in the conductor depends on its speed and on the strength of the magnetic field. The magnetic field may be furnished by the permanent magnet or by current flowing through field coils to form an electromagnet. When the end of conductor are connected to form a complete circuit, the induced voltage causes a current flow in the external circuit.
Carburetor
A carburetor is a device that vaporized a liquid fuel such as gasoline and mixed it with air in the proper ratio for combustion in an internal-combustion engine, such as the gasoline engine that powers most Automobiles. Under ordinary condition the ratio a gasoline to air should be about 1:15 by weight. A higher ratio of gasoline is called a richer mixer, and a lower ratio is called leaner. A simple form or carburetor consists of a float chamber, a jet nozzle, and an air chamber that is narrowed at one point. Such as narrowing in a chamber or tube is called a venture. A float valve keeps the gasoline at a constant level in the float chamber. When the engine is running, air is drawn into the air chamber, where it is accelerate by the venture. In accordance with Bernoulli's Law, this high-velocity air creates a low pressure region, and the jet nozzle, which is attached in this region, draws a fine spray of gasoline from the float chamber into the venture. Here it mixes the air, and the mixture is then fed to the engine cylinders, where it is ignited. A choke valve at the entrance to the carburetor is used to reduce the amount of air entering the chamber when the engine is cold, producing a richer mixture.
In practice, carburetors use various means to ensure an optimal mixture of gasoline and air under differing conditions, including idling and rapid acceleration. Instead of having a carburetor, an engine can have a system of fuel injection, which delivers a metered quantity of gasoline directly to each cylinder. Fuel injection has always been used with diesel engines; it has also been gaining in use with gasoline engine.
An automotive fuel system consists of the carburetor or fuel injector, the fuel tank, the fuel pump, and the fuel filter, along with tubing connecting the parts.
Differential
Differential gears in an automobile's drive-train allow the driving wheels to transmit torque, or twisting force, at different turning rates. Thus one wheel can follow the longer arc around the outside of a turn while the other wheel tracks the shorter inside arc without skidding on the road surface. In a front-engine, rear-drive car, engine torque flows through the transmission and drive shaft to turn the ring-and-pinion gears inside the rear-axle assembly, powering the rear driving wheels. In a front-engine, front-drive car, the differential and final drive gears are in the same housing with the transmission, mounted directly on the engine. In both design, the drive gears work through differential gears to turn the axle and the driving wheels.
The drive shaft ends in a pinion gear inside the differential. When the drive shaft turns, the pinion drives a ring gear that is part of the differential housing, so that both housing and ring gear rotate together. Inside the housing are two pinion gears and two side gears; each side gear is connected, via an axle, to a drive wheel. When the car drives straight ahead and the axle shafts turn at the same speed, the differential housing rotates, but no differential action occurs. When the car negotiates a turn, however, the differential must compensate for the difference in distance traveled by the drive wheels. The opinions roll around the side gears, allowing the inside wheel to turn more slowly and the outside wheel to turn more slowly and the outside wheel to turn faster.
Free-turning gears divide torque equally between the driven wheels. If one drive wheel is on dry pavement and the other on ice, the gears roll around inside the housing to spin the slipping wheel at twice the ring gear's speed. Each drive wheel gets the same slight amount of torque required to spin the slipping wheel; the car does not move at all. Some cars have locking, or limited-slip, differentials to reduce wheel spin by transferring some torque to the wheel with better traction.
Many vehicle now have full- or part time four-wheel-drive (4WD). Part-time 4WD cars are driven 2 WD on paved roads. Most modern 4 WD cars add an extra differential between the front and near wheels so the front and rear driving wheels can turn at minutely differing rates. In some vehicle with full-time 4 WD, limited-slip differentials couple the front and rear drive gears.
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